Measure how precisely robotic movement follows commanded trajectories, velocities, forces, orientations, and timing.

Validate whether cameras, LiDAR, tactile arrays, encoders, IMUs, force sensors, and perception systems accurately represent reality.

Quantify the gap between simulated behavior and deployment across real machines, objects, terrain, environments, and edge cases.

Detect degradation caused by calibration changes, hardware wear, model updates, latency, payload variation, and environmental shifts.